Coal satisfies 58 per cent of the total commercial energy demand in the country. The entire coal production (except for the captive mines) and 75 per cent of the total commercial demand for coal lies in the public sector. Coal Production increased from 70 m.t. at the time of nationalization in 1972-73 to a targeted 238 m.t. in 1992-93. The targets were met in terms of quantity alone. The quality suffered. The average ash content of the Indian coal increased from around 25-30 per cent to about 35-40 per cent. Severe shortage of coking coal is obligating their import for steel plants. Greater effort is, therefore, needed for improving production of coking coal, increasing the share of underground mines and expanding coal-washing capacity in the public and the private sectors. Coal companies in India suffered heavy losses during the seventies and the eighties due to over-manning low productivity, poor technology and unviable prices on account of dominance of price stabilization considerations. Various elements of costs, e.g., depreciation, interest and return on equity was excluded from the cost build up for price fixation. Only since December 1987 the coal prices are regulated on the basis of normative costs recommended by the BICP. A process of averaging of costs is adopted due to vast differences in production costs in underground and opencast mining and those due to depth of mines, capital intensity, technology and terrain etc. With the commencement of the nineties, the emphasis shifted from price stabilization to commercialization. The CIL launched a number of schemes, such as, 'Cash and Carry Scheme', 'Cost-plus Scheme' and 'Wash and Carry Scheme' for improving liquidity, reducing interest loss and earning higher return on investments. Consequently, the CIL earned a profit of Rs.187 crore in 1991-92 and Rs.225 crore (unaudited) in 1992-93. These and other aspects of the coal industry have been studied in the book with the help of 102 Statistical Tables and appendices pertaining to the world coal reserves and world coal production.

Artisans constitute a heterogeneous group consisting of handcrafts, handlooms, pottery, pattachitra etc. Presently there is a blend of traditional touch with modern outlook in the works of these artisans. On account of this the products of artisans sector is in great demand both in national and international markets. Of all the problems confronted by the artisans financial problem is the most crucial one. In order to solve this problem a number of financial institutions providing short term loan and long term loan have come into existence in recent years, such as: Commercial Banks, Cooperative Banks, Regional Rural Banks, SFCs and IDBI etc. The present volume not only deals indepthly the working of these institutions but seeks to analyse the impact of institutional credit on generation of output income employment and asset formation by the artisans belonging to different trades. The impact of institutional finance is marginal no doubt but it has provided the basic foundation for the growth of artisan sector at the national and sub-national level. The work is a scholarly one, comprising both secondary and empirical data and materials. The policy prescriptions are based on field level observations 'if implemented in right earnest' will give a boost to artisan sector in the country. The book will be of immense help to academicians, researchers, planners, administrators, policy makers, entrepreneurs and general public who are interested about the artisans and their units.

Journalism, a popular profession among youth these days, requires proper training and a comprehensive course. This book gives a categorical account of all vital issues pertaining to journalism. The valuable information is gathered under fifteen chapters. CONTENTS . Introduction . Journalistic Writing . Special Writing . Impact of Media . Impact of Periodicals . The Freelancing . Influence of Mass Media . Writing on Subjects . Impact of Polity . Electronic Journalism . Impact of T.V. Journalism . The Handouts . Rule of Technology . Developmental Aspects . Role of the Audience . Popular Reaction . The Counter Challenge; etc. Besides the academic worth, this will prove a dependable handbook for journalist community.

Journalism has lasting effects on our society in particular the new generation. This book deals with the Impact of Journalism which has played a vital role in revolutionizing our society. It's a comprehensive book on the subjectology covers all aspects of teaching biology in the present day context. CONTENTS . Introduction . Journalistic Writing . Special Writing . Impact of Media . Impact of Periodicals . The Freelancing . Influence of Mass Media . Writing on Subjects . Impact of Polity . Electronic Journalism . The Handouts . Rule of Technology . Developmental Aspects . Role of the Audience . Popular Reaction . The Counter Challenge; etc.