International trade has played a significant role in financing the economic development programme of the developing countries. As these countries are mainly primary goods producing and exporting countries and heavily depend on their traditional exports to a number of developed countries; the markets for these exports are of great significance. Since these markets are often very unstable, heavy dependence on exports of one or two items carries with it a degree of risk and uncertainly. Any action in the countries purchasing the exports of developing world in bulk might further aggravate such risks. It is, therefore, the actions of those countries with when their trade relations are more important, which are determinants of impact on their trade particularly export-its quantum as well as exports.

This book puts in proper perspective the role, which export promotion measures/ system should play to ensure continuing expansion and diversification of India's exports in the context of the highly competitive, complex and fact changing international marketing environment.

The behaviour of the international monetary arrangements and evolution of economists ideas about it in the period of Second World War make a fascinating study of the interaction of events and ideas. The establishment of the Bretton Woods system was a triumph of ideas in an attempt to prevent what has gone wrong with events in the thirties competitive devaluations, beggar-try-neighbour, trade policies and an unacceptably high price in terms of domestic unemployment from adherence to the gold standard.

The shift to more fixable exchange rates has changed the nature of models relevant for analysis of international monetary phenomena. It no longer makes sense to ask what determines changes in international reserves on the assumption that the price of foreign exchange rate.

New models of exchange rate determination have, therefore, not only incorporated the changed institutional structure of flexible exchange rates, but have also included economists new insights into the role of expectations. This book reports on the continuing exciting development of new thinking about exchange rates.

The countryside in India continues to the plagued with poverty and unemployment as well as underdevelopment. Similar is the situation in rural areas of practically all the developing countries. For nearly four and half decades various strategies have been formulated and programmes introduced to raise the living standards and quality of life in the rural areas. Other developing countries have also tried such experiments. But these twin problems do not seem to have loosened their stranglehold anywhere appreciably in the entire developing world.

Main reliance has been placed so far on agricultural development for the transformation of rural life and the promotion of rural economy. The agricultural sector no longer possesses the capacity to absorb any sizable portion of the emerging labour force. Further owing to rapid rise in population, the land-man ratios are worsening fast. Essentially, therefore, the alternative lies in the diversion of rural manpower to non-agricultural sectors and the diversification of the rural economy. Rural industries, services and enterprises constitute the non-farm sector. The appropriate strategy for the rural industries to follow now should be the expansion of rural industries, services etc. These should only diversify the rural economy, but also help in future development. Rural industries, services etc. will open out new opportunities for gainful employment, when there are no agricultural operations. This book constitutes as unique collection of papers on various issues of rural economics, a subject that has been aired a great deal in recent years in India.

1353 RURAL DEVELOPMENT C S NAGPAL A C MITTAL 81-7041-812-7 650 Rural development has been on the main agenda of the Five-Year Plans of the country. These plans are formulated for the most effective and planned utilisation of the country's resources. Beginning with First Five-Year Plan, we are getting ready to launch the Eight Five-year Plan shortly. During this period considerable efforts had been made for rural development. A number of schemes were launched and large chunks of money spent for it. Still, the rural India that accounts for three-fourth of the country's population, has a much lower level of income and per capita consumption. Access to education, health, transport and other essential services still lags behind in the rural areas. It is also alarming to learn that rural urban disparities have been widening in the recent past. This book present is vivid and penetrating analysis of rural development programmes in ending rural poverty and unemployment.