Population process—births, deaths, and movements of individuals—express the varied interactions of organisms with their environments. Evolution by natural selection and the regulation of community structure and ecosystem function transcend the individual organism and cab be comprehended only in terms of the dynamics of populations.
For many purposes one may determine average birth and death rates for small samples of individuals and multiply them by the total population size to characterize the overall dynamics of a population. But populations also heterogeneous. Genetic variation in the interaction of individuals with their environments results in evolution. Variation in the suitability of habitat leads to parallel variation in population density and may determine the net movement of individuals within the population.

