The present study covers a significant phase of freedom struggle in India. It eventually took the form of mass movement, which attracted millions of people of all classes adhering to different ideologies under one umbrella against colonial rule. Its origin can be traced back to the discontent generated by the British policies. In this work, the author has tried to examine different sources concerning the National Movement and the lower-class response in it. Here, an attempt has been made with comprehensive background of the origin and growth of socio-political consciousness among the people. The Khilafat and Non-Cooperation movements exercised tremendous constructive influence on the national movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi who widened the base of freedom movement and brought the masses in the national mainstream. This phase witnessed the use of arsenal and weaponry and also marked and fraternity between the two great communities of India-Hindus and Muslims, with a common political goal against colonial rule. But this unique characteristic of Hindu-Muslim unity could not last for long and shattered by outburst of political dissensions led to communal violence and riots. But the situation in the province of Bihar was totally different from other regions. Here the Congress and the League were the two faces of the same coin. It also highlights the facts and incidents hitherto studied by any scholar.

This book deals with importance of Military Geography, Location of India, Military implications of Physical Divisions, Climate of India the Indian Ocean, Forests and Geo-political, Geo-Strategical and Military Significance of India and Adjacent countries of South-east Asia. The book contains 14 chapters besides the introductory part. Chapter one of the book deals with Strategical and Defence Significance of Indian Ocean, a zone of peace. Forest and Vegetations of Indian Sub-Continent and their implications with reference to Defence and Strategy are described in chapter Two. Significance of Indian Subcontinent with reference to grand strategy has been vividly dealt within chapter Third. Political and Strategical significance of adjacent countries have been amply described in Part-II of the book. Strategical and Military Significance of Nepal, Bhutan and Myanmar are dealt in chapter four while chapter five vividly emphasizes the Strategical and Defensive significance of Bangladesh, Malaysia and Singapore. Strategical and political importance of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Diego-Garcia has been highlighted in Chapter Six. Political, Defence and Strategical importance of Pakistan, the defensive and strategical evaluation of Afghanistan and Peoples Republic of China have been given due consideration in Chapters Seven, Eight and Nine of this book. The penultimate Chapter provides the summary and suggestions.

The U.S. launched a missile attack aimed at Iraq's intelligence headquarters in Baghdad June 26, 1993. The U.S. justified the attack by citing evidence that Iraq had sponsored a plot to kill former President George Bush during his visit to Kuwait in April 1993. In August 1995, two of Saddam Hussein's sons-in-law, who held high positions in the Iraq military, defected to Jordan, both were killed after returning to Iraq in Feb. 1996. After fighting between two Kurdish factions (one allied with Iraq, the other with Iran) erupted in the protected zone of northern Iraq, the Baghdad government intervened in the conflict by sending troops into Arbii, August 31, 1996. The U.S. retaliated with missile strikes against air defense sites in the south. On December 9 the UN allowed Baghdad to begin selling limited amounts of oil for food and medicine. Saddam Hussein's son Odal was seriously wounded in an assassination attempt in Baghdad December 12. Tensions were heightened in November 1997 as Iraq refused to allow inspections of possible weapons sites by a UN team containing U.S. members. The recent war in Iraq started by America in collaboration with U.K. was expected to be a third world war. Because it started in third week of third month of 2003. But after 4th week it ended with the end of Saddam regime. However, some new world order formed with this war has been explained in this book in detail.

Ladakh has been called by many names, land of Lamas, Peaks of Lamas, Moon land, Broken moon, The land of passes, the land of monasteries. As the names suggest, Ladakh was completely inaccessible during winter to the outside world, in summer Central Asian traders passed through and activate Ladakhis to involve in some economic activities. However, only a few of them exchanged their agricultural products with Central Asian traders. Chang-pa, Shyamma and Zangskaris were known popular traders from Ladakh who carried pashmina wheat, sattu, wool, butter, dry cheese etc. and exchanged these with carpet, gold and precious stones etc. Ladakh was an independent kingdom. In 1842 general Zorawar Singh annexed it into the Dogra Empire. In 1947 it became an integral part of India later Ladakhis were declared S.T. in 1989, in 1995 President of India approved the demand of 'Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council Act.' Thereafter Ladakh Buddhist Association time and again demanded for 'Union Territory' status of Ladakh. In summer 1947 Ladakh was opened for foreign tourists. Annually Ladakh and Kargil festivals are organised by J&K tourist department in order to increase tourist influx in Ladakh. Such steps are not only increasing the living standard of Ladakhis but also help increase the foreign exchange reserves. Author, who came in Ladakh in 1981, visited many places in Ladakh. This book is based upon the work and a study over a long period of time together with related travel and his stay in Ladakh. Thus, this multidisciplinary book will be useful for readers, tourists and research scholars, and all those who are interested in Ladakh.