An individual's self-conception as being male or female, as distinguished from actual biological sex. For most persons, gender identity and biological sex. For most persons, gender identity and biological characteristics are the same. There are, however, circumstances in which an individual experiences little or no connection between sex and gender, in trans-sexualism, for example, biological sexual characteristics and distinct and unambiguous, but the affected person believes that he or she is-or ought to be-of the opposite sex. Gender identity is not fixed at birth; both physiologic and social factors contribute to the early establishment of a core identity, which is modified and expanded by social factors as the child matures. The women's movement questioned certain social institutions and traditional values, basing many of its arguments on scientific studies suggesting that most supposed differences between men and women result not from biology but from culture. Many women objected that the English language itself, by reflecting traditional male dominance in its word forms, perpetuated the problem. Successful efforts to reform the language included the introduction of the title Ms. As an alternative to Miss or Mrs; the substitution of gender-neutral for gender-based terms, such as firefighter for fireman and flight attendant for stewardess; and the avoidance of the male pronoun he (for example, by the use of a phrase such as he or she) when referring to persons who may be either male or female. The women's movement also sought to foster changes in male-female relationships within the family, including the sharing of domestic roles and the avoidance of gender stereotyping in children's toys and books, television programs, and other media. An increasing number of women chose to use their maiden name after marriage, either in place of, or in conjunction with, their husband's name. Much attention was given to consciousness raising to make women aware of their shared abilities, experiences, and problems. In India, with the help of NGOs efforts are being made in terms of Gender equality and women empowerment by forming the Women SHGs. The book is based on this effort and hope that it will be liked by all those working for the welfare and development of women.

The Marxist belief that the proletariat would be the agent of human emancipation and had begun to belief tht disenfranchised groups, such as student radicals and blacks, held the key to social transformation. No revolutionary changes have occurred as a result of the Frankfurt School's theories, and its tradition lies on today largely within the areas of literary and cultural studies. Some philosophers find the school's claim to discover forms of repression a source of insight, while others are critical of its dependence on Marxist and Freudian models of emancipation, as will as its denunciation of all forms of democratic capitalism. As social transformation continued, the objectives and concerns of liberalism changed. It retained, however, a humanist social philosophy that sought to enlarge personal, social, political, and economic opportunities for self-expression by removing obstacles to individual choice. This work, in two volumes, presents valuable information on social development in India. All major issues are given elaborate treatment. This will prove an asset to students, researchers and teachers besides the social scientists and social activists.

Conventional studies viewed the tribal and the folkculture on the basis of dichotomous constructions of human society such as rural or urban, peasant or elite, tribal or non-tribal, literate or illiterate, sophisticated or unsophisticated and the like. Such approach continues to influence the whole genre of writings on tribal and folklore studies also. In such a perspective the two worlds have been viewed as systems with distinctive and often contradistinctive elements. These elements taken singly do not yield a pattern which would help us to understand tribal and folkculture in an empirical situation. Uncritical support to or dependence on the perspective of dichotomous construction to study tribal and folkculture is an erroneous approach. There are sound reasons to believe and identify different elements such as tribal, rural, urban etc. while studying a folkculture. Such an integrated approach helps in understanding the continuities and/or discontinuities of a tribal or folk society and modifications of its various cultural elements that exist in a given social setting. Papers in this book have highlighted the above aspects of tribal and folkloristic studies which will be immensely helpful to researchers and scholars in this field.

Identification of the concepts used in a discipline is a prerequisite for designing any bibliography information storage and retrieval tool (BIRTs). Some theory based classification schemes and other retrieval tools provide guidelines about the methodology for selection of isolates representing the concepts relating to the specific disciplines, but clear methodology is not available to identify the main concepts and the terms representing them, that need to be included invariably as headings in the information retrieval tools. Literature survey; Data collection and analysis; Main concepts, their placement and relative significance; Representation in information retrieval tools; and Major findings are the major topics, elaborately discussed in this book. Students, scholars and academics beside the practising librarians in the field will find this book as an authoritative reference work.